I can't help on the measurement issue with the shoulder rest, but I can give you a DIY trick for giving one more height.

Go to the hardware store and get some of the foam insulation. It looks kind of like the "noodles" kids play with in pools.  It should come in at least two sizes. They're usually about 4 or 5 feet long, which is way more than you need, but they're cheap enough that you don't need to worry about that.

Get at least two sizes. Cut off sections that are a little longer than your shoulder rest.They have a slit along one side where you can pull them open (it's designed to open up so you can put it over a pipe, but it works just as well to get it over a chinrest.

You put it over the part of the shoulder rest that rests against you. The texture of these things is fairly good for a shoulder rest - firm enough to give support, soft enough to be comfortable. Try the smaller size first, and don't worry about holding it on yet - it will grip well enough to try it on to see if that's enough height. 

If it's not, put a second layer of the bigger one on top of that, and check the height. If that's not enough, add a third layer (of a still bigger size if you were lucky enough to find ones that big, but a second layer of the biggest size if not). That will have raised it about an inch and a half by then, which should be plenty.

Once you've figured out how many layers you need, put two or three rubber bands on it to hold it in place. The one downside to this is that it may not fit in your case anymore.  If you used reasonable sized rubber bands for it (not tiny ones that had to be stretched to their limit to make it), you shouldn't have replace the rubber bands very often. After you've tweaked it a bit, you'll probably find you have extra hanging off one end or the other of the shoulder rest. Go ahead and trim that off once you're sure you're not going to need to make any more adjustments. (Although you probably have enough foam tubing to make another 4 or 5 if it turns out you made a mistake.)

I did this with mine, and it's worked pretty well for 3 or 4 months now. Not especially pretty, but it gives me support where I need it.

From what you've said so far, you haven't done all the exploring to find out what shoulder and chinrest combo will work best for you. (And remember that getting rid of either one or both is an option, too.)  Your body is not like anybody else's. You're just going to have to experiment and find what works and what doesn't for you. 

I, for example, cannot use any chinrest that works even remotely like a Guarneri (where you lay your cheek on it). My neck is so short that if I try to lay my head over on a bare violin, the violin will dig into the back of my jaw. A chinrest raises that up and makes the problem even worse.  If I move things more towards the tailpiece or the right side of the violin to where I can use my chin (not my cheek), it can work, but nobody actually builds chinrests, despite the name, so I haven't found any way to hold the violin in place. If I shift from 3rd position to 1st, the violin wants to go with my hand.

You have your own issues, and you'll have to find your own answers. I'm not saying you can't ask for help, but I AM saying that there is no such thing as a "right" chinrest, or shoulder rest, or violin position, or posture, that you should fit yourself to. There is a right one of each of those for you.  Don't try to force your body into doing something that works really well for someone else who has a different body configuration. You can hurt yourself badly that way.

Since your arm failed Pierre's (aka Fiddlerman's) test, I'd go see a doctor about it. It sounds like there's something mechanically wrong, and the violin playing is just making it show up.  Once that something is identified, the doctor may have exercises you can do to fix it, tell you how long you need to rest it to let it heal, tell you what surgery is needed to fix it, or whatever.

To address a couple of points you brought up in earlier posts:

Yes, twisting the violin (what airplane types call roll) so that the treble side is lower than the bass side) is perfectly normal, and in fact, almost all fiddle/violin players play it that way.  If you have it parallel to the ground in that dimension, it's rather hard to bow the D and especially the G strings. (Fairly hard to finger them, too.)  Only thing you have to watch out for is that you don't roll it over so far that your bow goes vertical (or past vertical to upside down) when playing the E string. You need at least a little weight on it.

I'd recommend you experiment with where the scroll is pointed. In airplane terms, that's "yaw". Arbitrarily making straight left 0 degrees, and straight in front of you 90 degrees, most people play somewhere between 30 and 45 degrees. Since wherever you're playing now hurts, experiment. Start as close to 0 (straight left of your body) as you can, comfortably, and play a two-octave G scale (starting with the open G string). Then move it forward some and try it there. Keep moving it in an arc around in front of you until you've gotten as far as you comfortably can, and see where the comfort zone is.  Then try going from one end of that comfort zone to the other with a mild vibrato (we're trying to alleviate pain here, not cause it).

Best case, you find a spot where you can play without pain. Don't get your hopes up too high about that. Second best, you find a spot where you are most comfortable and/or play with the least pain.  Then you start looking for things like shoulder rests and such to help you play there.

A thought about the vibrato - if the pain is in the biceps, work with your teacher on doing a hand/wrist vibrato - using little or no arm.  It may seem at first like you've completely forgotten how to do vibrato, but it should also be painless, which should count for something.

And finally, if all else fails, and you simply cannot find a comfortable postion, there's still a way you can keep playing the violin. Play it like a cello.  Yes, people will look at you funny, and the bowing will probably drive you half mad for a week or two (because it will be backwards), but it really will work, and it's a LOT more ergonomic. There are instruments in India fairly simliar to violins that have been played that way for thousands of years.  If you're not limber enough to sit on the ground and put it between your feet, you can rig up something to sit on your lap, and a belt of some kind to keep that from sliding off.  If you want to do arm vibrato, though, you'll still have to get that biceps fixed.

Hope some of this helped.